109. F. D. Kirwan suggested that such a system of control would also provide a source of espionage throughout Europe. F.D. Kirwan,“Preface,” Tama, pp. xii.
110. Tama, pp. 197 ff.
111. Berkovitz, p. 126
112. The literature on this subject is enormous; an excellent overview and bibliography may be found in Geza Vermes , Fergus Millar and Martin Goodman (eds.) of Emil Schiirer The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, 1987, Vol. 2, pp. 199 f.
113. Hilkhot Mamrim 1 and 2.
114. The clearest simple statement of this lineage of ordination is found in the opening chapter of Pirkei Avot.
115. Tama, p. 265 ff.
116. There is some controversy about this among scholars, but general agreement that it did not extend beyond the eighth century.
118. Jacob Berab ’s Sanhedrin has been described a number of times; see Jacob Newman, Semichah, New York , 1950.
119. Kobler, pp 152 ff.
120. Kobler, pp. 156-157.
121. Jacob R. Marcus , Israel Jacobson , Cincinnati , 1972, pp. 38 ff. 122. Maslin, p. 19 and later decree.
123. Schwarzfuchs, pp. 167 f.