Narratives of Enlightenment 135

4. See Owen Chadwick , The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century(Cambridge : Cambridge Uinevrsity Press, 1975), 17-18.

5.The literature is vast. Let me cite the following as the tip of the iceberg: Jacob Katz , Out of The Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation (Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1973); S. Feiner and Y. Bartel, eds., Hahaskalah legevanehah: iyunim hadashim betoldot hahaskalah uvesifrutah (Jerusalem: Magnes Press , 2005); Moshe Pelli, The Age of the Haskalah: Studies in Hebrew Literature of the Enlightenment in Germany(Lanham , MD : University Press of America, 2006); Michael A. Meyer , The Origins of the Modern Jew: Jewish Identity and European Culture in Germany, 1749-1824(Detroit : Wayne State University Press, 1979); idem., Judaism Within Modernity: Essays on Jewish History and Religion(Detroit : Wayne State University Press, 2001).

6. For an appreciation of Katz ’s scholarly career, see the essays collected in Jay M. Harris , ed., The Pride of Jacob: Essays on Jacob Katz and His Work(Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2002). In particular, I would cite the essays in that volume by David Ellenson (““Jacob Katz on the Origins and Dimensions of Dimensions of Jewish Modernity: The Centrality of the German Experience,” 97­124) and Moshe Halbertal (“Jacob Katz on Halakhah , Orthodoxy, and History,” 163-172).

7. Jacob Katz , Hahalakhah bemeitzar: mikhsholim“al derekh ha‘ortodoksiyah behithavutah(Jerusalem: Magnes Press , 1992).

8. On what follows in this paragraph, see Katz , note 7, above, 14-18.

9. On the concept of apostasy in Jewish law, see Stanton Zamek,“Even Though He Sins, He Remains A Jew”: The Repentance of the Returning Apostate(Rabbinical thesis, HUC-JIR , Cincinnati, 1996); Jacob Katz , Halakhah vekabalah (Jerusalem : Magnes, 1984), 255-269(especially the sources at p. 256, n. 9); and Ephraim Kanarfogel ,“Rabbinic Attitudes toward Nonobservance in the Medieval Period , in Jacob J. Schacter , ed., Jewish Tradition and the Non- Traditional Jew(Northvale, NJ : Jason Aronson, 1992), 3-36.

10.“Were their fate[i.e., of the non-observant] left to our control, I would Tree their expulsion from the land and that our children not be permitted to marry theirs (Resp. Hatam Sofer 6:89).