reside this includes Israel which has constituted itself like other nation states. Within those parameters Jewish life has not only flourished, but found ways to expand the influence of our religious and ethical message in the world.
Notes
1. Moses Sofer , Responsa Orah Hayyim, 28, 181; Yoreh Deah 19, etc. See the discussion in Eliezer Katz, Hatam Sofer- His Life and Work, Jerusalem , 1969 (Hebrew ). See also note 11.
2. See Walter Jacob ,“The Woman in Reform Judaism— Meeting or Avoiding the Issue ” W. Jacob (ed.) Gender Issues in Jewish Law— Essays and Responsa, Pittsburgh , 2002, pp. 130 ff. For the 19" century background of feminist struggles see Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their Own- Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present, New York , 1988, Vol. 2; Susan M. Okin , Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton, 1979; Catherine Clinton , The Other Civil War- American Women in the Nineteenth Century, New York , 1984; Ellen Carol DuBois , Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women’s Movement in America 1848- 1869, Ithica N.Y, 1978; Joan Hoff , Law, Gender, and Justice— A Legal History of U.S. Women, New York , 1991; Mary Ritter Beard , Women as a Force in History: A Study in Traditions and Realities, New York , 1946.
3. See Walter Jacob ,“ Napoleon 's Sanhedrin and the Halakhah, ” in W. Jacob (ed.), Napoleon's Influence on Jewish Law, Pittsburgh , 2007, pp.1 ff.
4. Louis Finkelstein , Jewish Self-Government in the Middle Ages, New York , 1964, pp. 111 ff.; S. Baron, The Jewish Community, New York , 1942, Vol. 2; L. Epstein, Marriage Laws in Bible and Talmud , Cambridge, 1942; L. Loew. “ Eheliche Abhandlungen,: Gesammeltew Schiften, Szegedin , 1893, Vol. 3; Ze'ev Falk , Jewish Matrimonial Law in the Middle Ages, Oxford,1966, pp. 13 ff.
5. See Walter Jacob in W. Jacob (ed.), Napoleon's Influence on Jewish Law. Pittsburgh , 2007, pp. 50 ff.
6. Protocolle der ersten Rabbiner Versammlung abgehalten in Braunschweig Braunschweig, 1844.