n.

13.

15.

. Deut 22.13ff and 28.

sw

10.

12.

14.

Walter Jacob

Notes

. A very extensive bibliography, especially of the Hebrew literature has been

provided by Nahum Rakover , Otzar Hamishpat, Vol. 1( Jerusalem : 1975), pp. 271-302; Vol. 2(Jerusalem : 1992), pp. 263-301. Many publications are not readily accessible. The bibliography could be annotated to note essays which are traditional and non-historic in their approach, those which are apolo­getic, those which seek to apply the tradition to modern Israel , etc.

Ex. 20; Deut. 5, Lev. 18, 19, Deut. 22

Ex. 21 and 22, Lev. 5, etc.

Ex. 19.5; Deut. 7.6, 14.2, 21; 26,19; 28.9; Is. 62.12; Dan. 8.24; 12.7

. For taking divine property—1 Sam 15.1-33, divine anger is incurred; cursing

God punished by God , Lev 24.15; sexual relations with a brother’s wife leads to childlessness, Ex 20.21; various sexual offenses will be divinely punished, Ex 20.17ff.; homosexuality Lev 20.13; a series of curses for a wide variety of offenses sexual, familial, and social, Deut 27.15-26.

. When booty declared as herem was taken, the entire people were punished

through defeat, Josh 6.17; 7.1-12; apostasy on the part of the people was pun­ished by a plague, Nu 25.1-9; As a general threat, Lev 18.25; for idolatry, Lev 26.14ff; as part of a general exhortation, Deut 8.19f; 11.1ff; 28ff.

. Major sections of each of the prophetic books threatened the destruction

because of Israels sins or mourn for the Temple as does the Book of Lamenta­ tions . The Talmud frequently blamed the destruction on the sins of the peo­ple; see Kaufman Kohler, Jewish Theology(New York: 1927), pp. 342 ff.; in recent times various groups of Hassidim , including R. Teitelbaum, have seen the Holocaust as punishment for the sins of the people of Israel .

. Ex 21.13; Nu 35.25-34; Josh 20.7, 8. . Gen 4.11-14; also in later legislation in Ex 21.14; Nu 35.20, 21; Deut 19.11; II

Sam 14.7; II Sam 21.5-9.

Lev 19.18; Deut 24.16 .

Lev 24.14 ff; I Kings 21.13; Josh 7.25.

Sabbath violation, Ex 31.14-15; 35.2; incitement to apostasy, Deut 13.2-12; pre­senting a child to Moloch, Lev 20.2-3; sacrifice to another deity, Deut 17.2-7; sorcery, Ex 22.17; cursing parents, Ex 20.9; adultery, Ex 20.10; homosexuality, Lev 20.13; incest, Ex 20. 11 ff; bestiality, Ex 20.15; rape of a betrothed girl, Deut 22.25; adultery, Gen 38.24; Lev 20.10; Deut 22.22; kidnapping, Ex 21.16; curs­ing the king, 1 K 21.10-16; 2 K 9.26; striking or cursing parents, Ex 21.15 and 17; not guarding a known goring ox, Ex 21.28 ff; Lev 20.9; false witness in a capital case, Deut 19.19; disregard of the court, Deut 17.8-13.

Ex 21.20, 16; Deut 8.5; 21.22-23; 25.2; Prov 19.18; 23.13; 29.17. In the Bible whipping was used as punishment when no other penalty was specifically mentioned, Deut 25.1, 2; 40 lashes was the maximum amount . Later exegesis disagreed about the limitations of this type of punishment, Mak 2b; Ibn Ezra to Deut 25.1, 2, etc.

Deut 13.13-18.

Nu 5.11-3; Prov 6.32-35 though some scholars like M. Greenberg in“Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law,” Yehezkel Kaufmann Jubilee Volume, pp. 15 ff., felt that execution was mandatory.