b

g

Punishment: Its Method and Purpose 61

17.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22, 23. 24, 25. 26. 27, 28.

29.

30. 31. 32. 33.

34. 35. 36. 37.

38. 39.

40. 41. 42, 43.

4,

45, 46. 47. 48.

Ex 21.24-25; 24.19; later Jewish law clearly indicated that monetary compen­sation was to be provided rather than literal retribution and the Biblical word­ing itself may already indicate that this was the path taken(B. Jacob, Auge um Auge, Eine Untersuchung zum alten und Neuen Testament, Berlin, 1929).

Ex 21.26, 27.

Deut 25.11, 12.

Deut 22.18; 25.1-3.

Prov 6.30f; Ex 21.37.

Ex 22.8.

Lev 5.24.

Lev 25; Deut 15.

Lev24.12; Nu 15.34; 1 Kings 22.27; 2 Chron 16.10; Jer 37.15, 38.4-14; Ezra 7.25. Ezra 7.26, 10.8.

Lev 19.15; 34-36; Deut 16.18ff; 24.17.

Much material scattered throughout the Talmud dealt with the Temple ritu­als. The initial discussions(Deut 17.14- 20; Joshua 1.18; 1 Samuel 1; 1 Kings 21) were expanded and detailed(San 5a; 49a; 52a, etc.).

Summaries of this material appear in H.L. Strack and G. Stemberger , Intro­duction to the Talmud and Midrash (Minneapolis : 1992); Z. H. Chajes , The Stu­dent's Guide through the Talmud ( New York : 1960); H. Albeck , Mavo Lamishnah (Jerusalem : 1959); M. Elon, Hamishpat Ha-Ivri( Jerusalem : 1973).

San 10a and Rashi .

Mak 3.10f; San 10aff.

Mak 22 b.

Tem 3a. In those instances when two punishments were prescribed for the same crime, whipping gave way to monetary fines and reparation(Mak 1.2, 4b; Ket 32a, etc.).

J Suk. 55b; Yev 90b; Kid 81a.

Ket 86a.

MK 16a; Git 36b; Yev 89b; for repeat offenders(Baba Kama 96b)

Git 40b; 59a. The court retroactively seized the ring with which an abducted girl had been formally married and so invalidated her marriage(Yev 90b, 110a). There were similar uses of this power with wills(J Kid 159d; Ket 39a). Git 36a ff

Yeb. 118 b; Git 44 a; B.K. 91 a; M.K. 16 a; fixed fines M. BK. 8.6; M. Ket. 3.7; on the power of the courts see Asher b. Yehiel, Responsa 101.1; Shulhan Arukh, Hoshen Mishpat, 1.5.

M. San. 8.1ff.

San 52 a.

San 45a, 52 a.

M San 6.4; 45a. This may have followed the precedent of 2 Chr 25.12 or been done in imitation of Greek custom.

M San 7.2; 52a; we have no record of this form of execution being used, but we do learn of a priest's daughter burned for adultery and of this practice condemned when used by Hama ben Tobia(San 52a).

San 52a.

San 52b; 84b; 89a.

M San 6.1 ff.

MSan 6.4, though there was some discussion about applying this to women.