Napoleon's Sanhedrin and the Halakhah 59

64. Hil. Gezelah 5.12-18; Hil. Sekhiyah Umatan 1.15.

65. Jacob benAsher, 18.2; Solomon b. Adret, Responsa[11 15, 16, 79; VIII 48; Barfat, Responsa 51.

66. R. Yerucham, Sefer Mesharim; Samuel de Medine, Hoshen Mishpat, 350; Barfat, Responsa 51;Caro , Bet Joseph to Tur, Hoshen Mishpat, 26.

67. For the text and a discussion of its meaning see Louis Finkelstein, , pp. 350 ff. 68. Isaac b. Sheshet(Barfat), Responsa 5 and 6; though Joseph Caro disagreed with this decision( Abkat Rachel, 81) by stating that there was a distinction between Islamic lands where such documents were part of the royal prerogative and Christian lands where they were not

69. Issac b. Sheshet(Barfat), Responsa 5 and 6.

70. Isaac b. Sheshet(Barfat), Responsa, 305.

71. Joseph Caro , Abkat Rachel 81.

72. Solomon ibn Adret , Responsa, 11, 244, V 287; Jacob ben Asher , Responsa, 89.8: Mishneh Torah, Hil, Malveh velaveh 27.1;.8tc,

73. Appointments occurred often without consultation and aroused storms of protest. See Salo W. Baron , The Jewish Community, vol. 1, pp. 285 ff.

74. Isaac b. Sheshet(Barfat), Responsa 271; Samuel b. Simon of Duran, Responsa, 1, 158; 533; Solomon ibn Adret , Responsa 1, 475; Abraham Neuman, The Jews in Christian Spain , Vol. 1, pp. 12 ff.

75. An interesting modern Israeli discussion of the place of custom and dina demalhuta dinah may be found in Nahum Rakover , Modern Applications of Jewish Law, Jerusalem 1992, pp. 103 ff.

76. This principle stated that every person had the right to decide how to dispose of his financial affairs. However the authorities understood the use of non-Jewish courts to be destructive to communal cohesion.