Against Poverty- From the Torah to Secular Judaism 45

18. Avigdor Farine attributed the growth of such societies to the influx of Spanish Jews , the sub-communities that made up the general community and the influence of similar Christian associations. See“Charity and Study Societies in Europe of the Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries,” Jewish Quarterly Review, 1973-74, Vol. 64, p. 32. Moses Schulvass, The Jews in the World of the Renaissance, p. 81.

19. Arthur Herzberg, The French Enlightenment and the Jews(New York : Columbia University Press , 1968, p. 27.

20. Jacob R. Marcus , Communal Sick-Care in the German Ghetto, pp. 6111.

21.“Statutes of the German Congregation of Amsterdam(1737) Sec. 61, 62, 80, as quoted in Ephraim Frisch, An Historical Survey of Jewish Philanthropy(New York : Macmillan, 1924), pp. 104 ff.

22. Abraham Cronbach ,“Jewish Philanthropic Institutions,” Religion in Its Social Setting(Cincinnati : The Social Press, 1933), p. 148.

23. Sefer Hassidim# 949.

24. Salo Baron , The Jewish Community- Its History and Structure to the American Revolution, Vol. 2, p. 320.

25. Andreas Reinke Judentum und Wohlfahrtspflege in Deutschland (Hannover , Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandlung , 1999), pp. 31 ff.

26. Ibid, pp. 116 f. Moses Schulvass, The Jews in the World of the Renaissance, p. 82.

27. Ibid., 68 ff.

28. Marcus Horovitz ,“Die Wohltitigkeit bei den Juden im alten Frankfurt, ” Israelitische Monatsschrift, 1896, Vol. 27, pp. 17-27. Patricia Stahl,“Die Tradition Juedischer Wohlfahrtspflege in Frankfurt, ” Zedaka- Jiidische Sozialarbeit im Wandel der Zeit- Ausstellungskatalog jiidisches Museum Frankfurt (Frankfurt , 1992), p. 58. Jacob Katz , Tradition and Crisis:Jewish Society at the End of the Middle Ages(New York , 1993), p. 319; Andreas Reinke , Judentum und Wohlfahrtspflege in Deutschland, pp. 32, 40, 45, 49; also Andreas Reinke ,“Wohltitige Hilfe im Verein,” Steif Jersch-Wenzel, Juden und Armut in Mittel-und Osteuropa(Cologne: Boehlau Verlag, 2000), pp. 216 ff.