Fighting in National Armies 103
3. Alfred S. Cohen,“On Yeshiva Men Serving in the Army, ” Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society, No. 23, pp. 5 ff. presents this discussion from an Orthodox point of view.
4. Shlomoh Goren, Meshiv Milkhamah, Jerusalem , 1983, 2 vols. Is a good example of a practical manual; there are others of varying length. Some are intended to be carried by the soldier into combat and so very concise. In addition many discussions which apply to Israeli situations continue to appear in Hebrew periodicals. For example Techumin, 1983, Vol. 4 and later which devote large sections to military question. For a fuller list see Nahum Rakover , Otzar Hamishpat, Jerusalem , Part 1, 1970, Part 2, 1990.
5. For the beginning of th emancipation process see Walter Jacob ,“Napoleon’s Sanhedrin and the Halakhah, ” in Walter Jacob (ed.) Napoleon's Influence on Jewish Law , Pittsburgh , 2007, pp. 1-64.
6. The German biblical scholar von Rad tried to organize the very different accounts into a system which is interesting, but problematic. D. Gerhard von Rad, Der Heilige Krieg im alten Israel, Goettingen , 1958.
7. Y.K.Miklischansky,“The Israelite Army in Ancient Times, ” Sefer Yovel for Israel Elfenbein,(ed. Y. L. Maimon), Jerusalem , 1963, pp. 105-123(Hebrew ) presents a slightly longer overview.
8. Maccabees 2:19-40 described the massacre which occurred when Jews refused to fight on shabbat and the decision to fight on shabbat. Josephus also mentioned this change. The rabbinic literature confirms the policy (Erub 45a ). The Letter of Aristeas reports the enforcement of very strict shabbat observance, but deals primarily with trading and the exclusion of merchants from a walled city on shabbat.
9. 1 Maccabees 5:21-28; 7:47; 9:37-42; 11:47 ff. 11 Maccabees 5:11 ff.’12:1 ff. Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews , XIII, v ; War of the Jews 1, xviii and elsewhere in both books.
10. The royal family of the Chazar kingdom(740-969 C.E.) converted to Judaism under Bulan and slowly others joined them. This became known through the correspondence of the Spanish Jewish statesman , Hasdai ibn Shaprut with the last Chazar leader. Recent studies have illuminated aspects of their history, but none of this had any influence on Jewish life.
12. The following matters were found in other sections. Female prisoners could be married after following the biblical prescriptions(Yeb 48b). The prisoners of War became slaves(Git 38a). Booty taken(San 20b) was divided between the ruler and the soldiers. Soldiers were permitted to eat food found in the enemy’s