41. Simon Dubnow , History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, Philadelphia , 1946, Vol. 2, pp. 13 ff . provides a summary of the edicts, their execution, and a vivid description of the suffering endured.
42. The length of military service changed through the decades beginning in 1805 when the obligation was first imposed. Cantonists represented a special set of problems. These were the sons of Russian Jewish soldiers, who were placed in special schools beginning in 1805, to be trained as future Russian soldiers(statute, September 1827) with an emphasis on conversion to the Greek Orthodox Church.
Conditions in these schools were dreadful and aroused much sympathy in Western Europe . The system was not abolished until 1857.
43. Noda Niyehuda Mahadura Tanina, Yoreh Deah 74.
44. Ibid., citing Hil. Yesodei Torah 5:5; based on Jerushalmi Terumot 8.4. 45. Meir Ish, Yoreh Deah 52.
46. Hatam Sofer , Likutei Hatam Sofer 29.
47. David Hoffman, Orah Hahayim, 42-43.
48. Mahari Yehudah Yaaleh 2:24
49. Imrei Esh# 52.
50. Noda Biyehuda Tanina, Yoreh Deah, 74.
51.“Introduction,”Mahanei Yisrael. In later chapters(38 and 39) he dealt with the role of prayer in strengthening the battle weary soldier.
52. Tel Talpiyot Mevitzon 1916, p. 174.
53. Eliezer Waldenberg Responsa Even Haezer# 6. 54. Bet David# 72.
55. Shoel Umeshiv, 1:144
56. Teshuvot 1:87
58. Imrei Esh 2 Even Haezer 25.