»Wo liegt das Glück?«  Jantzen 105 loophole, but then on April 22, 1872, Johann Dyck was arrested for failure to appear for his induction into the military. He refused to swear the induc­tion oath or cooperate in any way with the military for which he spent several months in solitary confinement until his health gave way and he was released. Gerhard Penner was a farmer, Elder of the Heubuden con­gregation just outside Marienburg, and the leader of the struggle against military service. The government finally took steps against him when he started to deny communion to congregation members who had accepted military service when drafted. In his view, once they had agreed to be sol­diers they were no longer Mennonites and thus no longer eligible to partici­pate. On September 1, 1874, the court in Marienburg fined him 25 Reichs­taler under the May laws of the Kulturkampf which made it illegal for a cleric to deny a member communion for obeying the law. The High Court in Berlin on June 18, 1875, confirmed the sentence and noted,»Der Staat verlangt allerdings nicht, daß die Religions-Gesellschaft ihr Bekenntiß nach den Satzungen des Staats umgestalten, er verlangt aber daß alle Staatsangehörigen, ohne Unterschied, welcher Religionsgesellschaft sie angehören, die Gesetze des Staats befolgen.« This logic precisely names the modern dilemma of a state that now transcends both freedom of reli­gion and of conscience and can no longer recognize its own limits. Men­nonites who left Prussia for this reason were thus an ideal case for Fontane to use in posing his uncomfortable if indirect questions of Prussian society about»wo das Glück liegt.« Gerhard Penner emigrated to Nebraska in 1876. At this time hundreds of Prussian and 17,000 Russian Mennonites left for North America. 54 Fontane named his Mennonite village Nogat-Ehre precisely to draw at­tention to these opponents of military service from provincial Prussia. The Nogat is a short river that runs along the east side of the Vistula Delta and through the heart of the Mennonite settlement. He veiled the explosive na­ture of their emigration since a frontal attack on militarism would not have been acceptable in the circles in which he published. Lindau also did not write the truth about why he found Prussian Mennonites in Kansas. In­stead of saying they left because they refused to serve in the military, he wrote that they came due to»die günstigen Berichte der südrussischen Mennoniten in Kansas.« 55 In Fontane´s rendition the Hornbostels were ap­parently in America quite some time. Toby had been born in Dakota where Lehnert had first met the family. That would mean they had emigrated by 1866 or even before the Civil War, highly improbable for Prussian Men­nonites historically. Toby told Lehnert that they left their village Dirschau in Dakota to move to Nogat-Ehre due to a conflict with the government over the question of whether they were too much like the Mormons. This might well have been Fontane´s way of pointing out that the conflict Men­nonites had with government forced them to emigrate even as he switched