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Fighting in National Armies 105

28. Or Zarua, 593:98; Tzemah Tzedek 58, 59. A good summary may be found in Salo W. Baron , 4 Social and Religious History of the Jews, Philadelphia 1957, Vol. iv, pp. 197 ff; Selma Stern Tauebler, The Court Jew, Philadelphia , 1950, and other studies.

29. Christon I. Archer, John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig , H.E. Travers, World History of Warfare, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press , 2002, pp. 302 ff., 355 ff.

30. Jacob R. Marcus , The Colonial American Jews 1492-1776, Detroit , 1970, vol. I, pp. 223 f. Excerpts from documents of the period may be found in Morris U Schappes(ed.), 4 Documentary History of the Jews in the United States 1654­1875, New York , 1971, pp. 1 ff.

31. Dubnow , Op. Cit.,vol. 8, p. 136, see also section 19.

32. Martin Philippson ,“Der Anteil der juedischen Freiwilligen an dem Berfreiungskriege 1813 und 1814,” Monatsschrift fuer Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, 1906, vol. 50, pp. 1 ff. See also Bernhard R. Kroener , Weshalb kaempft ihr mit ihnen, Berlin , 2007, p. 10.

33. Mordecai Breuer , Modernity within Tradition- A Social History of Orthodox Jewry in Imperial Germany , New York , 1992, p. 318.

34. Werner T. Angress,“Prussia’s Army and the Jewish Reserve Officer Controversy before World War 1,” Yearbook XVII of the Leo Baeck Institute, London , New York , 1972, vol. 17, pp. 5 ff.

35. German Soldier count....Frank Naegler (ed.) Deutsche Juedische Soldaten, Hamburg , Berlin , E. S. Mittler, 1996.

36. Deutsche Staatsbuerger juedischen Glaubens in der Bundeswehr , Berlin , 2009, 32 pp. My thanks to Rabbi Walter Homolka for making me aware of this booklet.

37. Erwin A. Schmidl, Juden in der k.(u.) k. Armee.

38. Zosa Szajkowski , Jews and the French Foreign Legion, New York , 1975, xviii, 280 pp. J

39.Simon Wolf , The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen(ed. Louis Edward Levy), New York , 1895, 676 pp.

40. Dubnow , Op. Cit., vol. 9, pp. 194-935.